Breeding transgenic goats for spider silk is unethical, and passing surplus goats onto the public food chain unsafe; the project has never been subject to regulatory risk assessment and there is not a single report characterizing the transgenic sequences in the spider-goats’ genome Dr. Mae-Wan Ho
Within the past two years, a concerted media campaign has been launched to promote the ‘spider-goat’, a goat genetically engineered to produce spider silk proteins in its milk. Many of us were caught by surprise, because transgenic animals and the associated somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning began in the late 1990s [1] (Why Clone At All?, I-SIS report), and have been practically abandoned a decade later on account of the low success rates on top of the unacceptably high rates of death and abnormalities, and suffering inflicted on both cloned animals and surrogate mothers (see [2] Unacceptable Death Rates End Cloning Trials in New Zealand, SiS 50).
The current public relations campaign started in May 2010 with a report and video presentation from the US National Science Foundation’s in-house magazine, Science Nation [3]. Seven cute little goat kids were on show. Three of them were transgenic for the spider silk gene, we were told, and the rest not; the clear message being that there were no discernible differences between spider-goats and normal goats.
A year and a half later, the spider goat is hyped as a marvel of the new ‘synthetic biology’ beyond genetic engineering [4]. Another video sequence features a somewhat dazed BBC reporter invited to an ordinary farm to meet “absolutely regular” friendly spider-goats, again indistinguishable from ordinary goats, to dispel any negative image one might have of “frankenstein” animals [5].
At around the same time, Dutch artist Jalila Essaidi, along with Forensic Genomics Consortium Netherlands, was given an award of €25 000 for her idea to create bullet-proof human skin – one-up on the spider-silk bulletproof vest - by incorporating the spider-silk into human skin in culture, or maybe to genetically engineer humans to produce the spider silk protein in the skin [6-8]? A third video sequence shows how human skin grown in culture at Leiden University Medical Centre and impregnated with spider silk from spider-goats and worms produced at the University of Utah in the United States stopped a specially slowed- down bullet, though not one shot at normal speed. An exhibition was mounted at the National Museum of Natural History in Leiden, the Netherlands.
Why was such a revolting idea worth pursuing? In her press release, Essaidi said [8]: “I want to explore the social, political, ethical and cultural issues surrounding safety.” By safety, I think she meant the safety of humans being shot at. “The project leads to aesthetically very impressing and fascinating results.” She concluded.
Spider silk is indeed a marvel, and the spider-goat is surely a worthy instrument for bringing it to us, is it not?
I tried to locate the scientific paper describing the creation of the transgenic goat, but drew a complete blank. Science Nation put me in touch with the scientist who did the work, Randolph Lewis at the University of Wyoming, Laramie.
Lewis wrote in an e-mail message [9]: “The best information on the goats themselves is the patent by Nexia Biotechnologies and they never published a paper from that patent.” But the patent [9], I soon discovered, was on producing the silk polypeptide and contained nothing on the creation of the transgenic goats.
Actually, the spider-goat was headline news almost 10 years ago. Nexia was the Canadian biotech company trying to sell spider silk from the transgenic goats. But the venture failed because the spider silk was way below the quality of natural silk [10], and the company went out of business.
In reply to my question as to whether his goats were cloned, Lewis said [11] that they only have a couple of cloned goats done by somatic cell nuclear transfer. And those were themselves cloned from initial goats created by transformation of embryos with the spider silk transgene. “All the rest are from breeding both transgenic does to normal bucks and transgenic bucks to normal does. We maintain the herd as hemi-zygous [with only one copy of the transgene] to maintain a reasonable level of spider silk protein in the milk.” He said. “Certainly with nearly 10 years of having the transgenic goats there is nothing that can distinguish the normal from the transgenic goats as our herd has both in it.”
So, the spider goats seen on video were all bred from the couple of cloned goats, and were all hemizygous, which at least avoided the deaths, abnormalities and suffering involved. However, the ethical issue remains. It is hardly acceptable to exploit animals in this way, particularly as more successful and acceptable alternatives already exist (see later). It is worse than breeding animals for their fur, as the female’s milk will not be available or suitable for nurturing the young.
Also, the biosafety dimension cannot be swept under the carpet. Transgenic animals not only carry the stated foreign genes (in the case of the transgenic goats, the spider silk genes), the genes are delivered in vectors that often contain other sequences from viruses and bacteria including antibiotic resistance genes, which often remain in the transgenic animals, but we do not know what these are. There is no report in the scientific literature or anywhere else that reports the characterization of the transgenic sequences in the spider-goats’ genome.
Lewis is clearly aware of other ways of producing spider silk, as he informs me in another e-mail: “We currently are producing the spider silk protein in E. coli, the goats and in silkworms. We are pursuing all three as production systems with specific applications targeted for each system as they each have advantages and disadvantages.” But he did not elaborate what the advantages and disadvantages were.
How much spider protein is produced in the goat’s milk? Lewis wrote [12]: “Our goats range from 1-4 g/L and the best goats are producing 4-5L/day. We only milk for 180d per lactation although many dairy goats go to 300 days per lactation. So each goat can produce about 1.5 kg of spider silk protein per year.”
Almost nothing of what Lewis told me about the spider-goats is in the scientific literature or any other publicly available reports. I did e-mail Science Nation via their website, copied to the National Science Foundation - which funds the spider-goat project - asking if promoting unpublished, non-peer-reviewed science was their policy, but have so far received no reply.
Lewis and colleagues are clearly aware of the biosafety issue. In a paper published online in October 2011 [13], they remarked that regulations for the disposal of genetically engineered animals are strict due to concern for their inappropriate introduction into the food chain. “Nontransgenic animals that give birth to transgenic offspring are treated as if they are transgenic due to concern of fetal cells crossing the placental barrier and residing in the other (fetal-maternal microchimerism). Determining whether or not fetal-fetal or fetal-maternal transfer of DNA or cells occurs during gestation is critical to effectively protect the public without culling animals that pose no risk.”
In that paper, Lewis and colleagues examined blood from 5 nontransgenic dams that carried transgenic offspring using PCR sensitive enough to detect the presence of spider silk transgene at 1 to 100 000 dilution (approximately 90 cells per millilitre of blood), and could not detect any signal. Similarly, transfers between transgenic and non-trangenic foetuses were undetectable. Further, they found no ectopic (out of place) expression of spider silk genes in the heart, lung, liver and brain. Nevertheless, they admit that the findings do not rule out ectopic expression of the spider silk gene in other untested tissues and fluids or the transfer of DNA and cells between foetus and mother or between foetuses. And more studies with a larger sample must be carried out.
What the paper did reveal was the intention to pass surplus animals into the food chain, which is neither ethical nor safe ([14] Cloned Meat and Milk Coming, SiS 50). Not least because we still do not know what foreign sequences are in the transgenic animals apart from the spider silk gene in general terms. All the transgenic sequences, including the spider gene, are potentially harmful, especially if they end up in the genome of our cells. Horizontal transfer of transgenic DNA is the most underestimated hazard of genetic engineering, but it can indeed happen ([15] Scientists Discover New Route for GM-gene 'Escape', SiS 50).
Moreover, the spider-goats may look indistinguishable from normal goats, but that does not mean they are the same biochemically and physiologically. The transgenic goats have never been characterized at any level, nor have they been risk assessed for the production of a transgenic herd. The legality of the transgenic herd itself is surely in question.
Article first published 20/02/12
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Todd Millions Comment left 22nd February 2012 19:07:22
Important overveiw of a matter never discussed.As well as the vexed mixing and carcass disposal issues(arc pyrosis anyone?),Has any comparision even being done on normal worm and spider silk for the intended use?Spider silk collected for textiles has being done since 1860's(brazil),and silk cannons go back to the Han dynasty at least(same design-wire wound 20" barrels for royal navy were tested after WWI).So as well as feathers in resin armour,with or without silk reinforcement(or paper)-do comparisions exist?I would rate this as important as the same armour tech is applicable too aircraft and other vechile construction of which our industries and designers are woefully backwards and structurally ignorant(Gordon and see;Hercules J model).
maewan ho Comment left 22nd February 2012 21:09:27
Thanks Todd for interesting information. Some of the issues you bring up will be discussed in two other articles in the series. Please look out for them.
ellen Comment left 2nd February 2013 02:02:39
Another example of the human arrogance. Just bec. it can be done, it should be done, is the human motto. What about the integrity of the goat? Nothing is sacred in the human enterprise. If it benefits humans, it is good, that is the thinking. This attitude is why we have arrived at the point of making the earth uninhabitable for humans and every other living thing.
Ashley Wilkins Comment left 13th December 2015 10:10:43
I still don't get how they actually succeded in this new type of animal! I mean, how could they? I'm not being mean but its a bit weird to me -.-